Septriandi Wirayoga, Hadiwiyatno, Azam Muzakhim Imammuddien, Fery Sofian Efendi
Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are among Indonesia's most important agricultural commodities, yet their productivity is highly dependent on precise water management. Both excessive and insufficient irrigation can lead to reduced yields, bulb rot, and plant stress, while high field humidity encourages dew formation that promotes fungal diseases such as Alternaria porri. To address these challenges, this study developed an IoT-based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system designed to automate irrigation and monitor environmental parameters in shallot cultivation. The system integrates multiple sensor nodes equipped with soil moisture and DHT22 sensors controlled by Arduino Nano, transmitting data via NRF24L01 modules to a central ESP32 microcontroller. Real-time monitoring and control were achieved through a cloud-based Firebase platform and mobile application interface. Calibration results demonstrated excellent accuracy, with soil moisture sensor errors between 0.003-1%, temperature deviations of 0.1-0.4°C, and humidity errors of 2. 0-3.6%. Field experiments showed that the smart irrigation system maintained stable soil moisture, reduced irrigation duration by nearly 50%, and minimized dew formation-effectively lowering disease risks. Moreover, the system's renewable energy integration (solar and wind) ensured energy independence and operational sustainability. Overall, this IoT-based WSN system enhances water-use efficiency, supports disease prevention, and reduces labor dependence, providing a scalable and sustainable solution for precision irrigation and improved shallot farming productivity. © 2025 IEEE.
State Polytechnic of Malang, Electrical Engineering Departement, Malang, Indonesia; State Polytechnic of Malang, Mechanical Engineering Departement, Malang, Indonesia; State Polytechnic of Malang, Informatical Engineering Departement, Malang, Indonesia